Welcome to the Cinephile’s Guide to Film Noir. Here, you will find all the essential details about film noir for any budding cinephile who’s looking for more information on the film movement.
What is Film Noir?
French for “black film,” film noir is a very specific genre/style of filmmaking that occurred during the 1940s and 1950s. While many films have been influenced by this style post-1960, this specific period of time encompasses what we now refer to as the classical period of film noir. These particular films reflect the post-World War II anxieties that permeated those years, such as urbanization, nervousness about the economy, and shifting gender roles. There’s a clear delineation between the social disillusionment portrayed in film noir and the optimistic narratives that pervade the silent and early sound pictures. These films focus on corruption, moral decay, and the fragility of the American Dream.
Key Characteristics of Film Noir
It’s impossible to encompass every stylistic element of every film noir in a single article. But the following features reflect the general style of the classical film noir period as we know it today. Your average film noir would look, sound, and feel like the following:
Visual Style
- High-contrast lighting (aka chiaroscuro) with deep shadows and dramatic use of light
- Low-key lighting that emphasizes mood and atmosphere
- Use of urban settings, with rain-soaked streets, neon signs, and smoke-filled rooms
- Distorted or unconventional camera angles to heighten tension and unease
Narrative Elements
- Crime-focused stories, often involving murder, theft, or corruption
- Complex, nonlinear storytelling with flashbacks and voiceovers
- Twists and reveals that subvert our expectations
- Protagonists often make morally questionable decisions, leading to their downfall
Themes
- Pervasive sense of fatalism and inevitability
- Exploration of alienation, moral ambiguity, and existential despair
- Cynicism about institutions like the police, government, or corporate entities
- The fragility of trust in personal relationships, often marked by betrayal or manipulation
Characters
- The Femme Fatale: Seductive and dangerous women who reflect gender anxieties of the timer period; who manipulate men, often leading to their ruin
- The Hard-Boiled Detective: A cynical, world-weary investigator who navigates a morally gray world in philosophical flux
- The Criminal: An antihero driven by desperation or greed who operates outside the law and inevitably experiences a downfall, reflecting the fatalistic tone of the time
Motifs
- Double Crosses: Betrayals are common, with alliances shifting unexpectedly
- Psychological Instability: Characters often struggle with guilt, obsession, or paranoia
- Fatal Attraction: Romantic or sexual relationships that lead to tragedy or destruction
- Voiceover Narration: Frequently from the protagonist’s perspective, creating a confessional or reflective tone
- Corrupt Authority Figures: Police, politicians, or corporate leaders portrayed as deceitful or self-serving
- The MacGuffin: A seemingly crucial object (money, a valuable item, etc.) that drives the plot but is secondary to the story’s themes
- The Labyrinthine Plot: Intricate, often convoluted storylines filled with twists and layers of deceit
Influences and Legacy of Film Noir
Film noirs had two main influences. The first is German Expressionism, which used high-contrast lighting, deep shadows, and distorted camera angles to reflect a very specific tone and dark atmosphere. These filmmakers, people like Fritz Lang and Robert Wiene who were mostly active in Germany during the 1910s and 1920s, were reacting to political upheaval of their own country. The second influence is hard-boiled crime fiction. These stories, popularized by writers like Raymond Chandler, Dashiell Hammett, and James M. Cain, used the typical sorts of morally ambiguous plots and archetypal characters that became synonymous with film noir.
The film noir movement had its biggest impact on crime movies and thrillers. The neo-noir movement, which includes movies like Chinatown (1974), Blade Runner (1982), and Drive (2011), was a continuation of film noir. While these movies were no longer reacting to the specific anxieties of the 1940s and 1950s, they embraced the mood and tone of their parent genre through stories about crime, social upheaval, and existential discomfort. Back in the days of classical film noir, the movement’s elements would appear in Japanese yakuza films, French policiers, and Italian giallo thrillers. In films throughout history post-1960, the visual elements of film noir, from chiaroscuro lighting to the presentation of urban landscapes, have been utilized and referenced quite often.
Essential Movies of Film Noir
- The Maltese Falcon (1941)
- Double Indemnity (1944)
- Laura (1944)
- Scarlet Street (1945)
- Detour (1945)
- The Big Sleep (1946)
- Gilda (1946)
- Out of the Past (1947)
- Nightmare Alley (1947)
- Sunset Boulevard (1950)
- The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
- In a Lonely Place (1950)
- Ace in the Hole (1951)
- Strangers on a Train (1951)
- The Big Heat (1953)
- Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
- The Big Combo (1955)
- The Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
- Touch of Evil (1958)
Essential Filmmakers of Film Noir
- Fritz Lang
- Billy Wilder
- John Huston
- Howard Hawks
- Otto Preminger
- Nicholas Ray
- Robert Siodmak
- Orson Welles
- Jacques Tourneur
- Anthony Mann
Essential Actors of Film Noir
- Humphrey Bogart
- Barbara Stanwyck
- Edward G. Robinson
- Lauren Bacall
- Robert Mitchum
- Gloria Grahame
- Alan Ladd
- Veronica Lake
- Rita Hayworth
- Burt Lancaster
